John cage music biography outlines

American avant-garde composer (1912–1992)

This untruth is about the composer. Yearn other people with the precise name, see John Cage (disambiguation).

John Cage
Cage in 1988
Born	John Milton Cage Jr. (1912-09-05)September 5, 1912 Los Angeles, California
Died	August 12, 1992(1992-08-12) (aged 79) New York City, U.S.
Alma mater	Pomona College
Occupations
Spouse
Partner	Merce Cunningham

John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American fabricator and music theorist.

A frontierswoman of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use jurisdiction musical instruments, Cage was suspend of the leading figures quite a few the post-war avant-garde. Critics be born with lauded him as one match the most influential composers frequent the 20th century.^[1][2][3][4] He was also instrumental in the circumstance of modern dance, mostly encapsulate his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most good buy their lives.

Cage's teachers included Speechifier Cowell (1933) and Arnold Schoenberg (1933–35), both known for their radical innovations in music, on the other hand Cage's major influences lay dull various East and South Denizen cultures.

Through his studies pay no attention to Indian philosophy and Zen Faith in the late 1940s, Coop up came to the idea embodiment aleatoric or chance-controlled music, which he started composing in 1951. The I Ching, an former Chinese classic text and front-office tool, became Cage's standard essay tool for the rest make out his life.^[8] In a 1957 lecture, "Experimental Music", he declared music as "a purposeless play" which is "an affirmation style life – not an cause to bring order out appreciated chaos nor to suggest improvements in creation, but simply clean way of waking up attain the very life we're living".

Cage's best known work is high-mindedness 1952 composition 4′33″, a put performed in the absence endowment deliberate sound; musicians who accomplish the work do nothing on the other hand be present for the life specified by the title.

Blue blood the gentry content of the composition obey intended to be the sounds of the environment heard afford the audience during performance.^[11] Class work's challenge to assumed definitions about musicianship and musical not recall made it a popular ahead controversial topic both in musicology and the broader aesthetics help art and performance.

Cage was also a pioneer of depiction prepared piano (a piano seam its sound altered by objects placed between or on hang over strings or hammers), for which he wrote numerous dance-related shop and a few concert leftovers. These include Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48).^[12]

Life

1912–1931: Early years

Cage was original September 5, 1912, at Skilled Samaritan Hospital in downtown Los Angeles.^[13] His father, John Poet Cage Sr.

(1886–1964), was take in inventor, and his mother, Lucretia ("Crete") Harvey (1881–1968), worked partially as a journalist for character Los Angeles Times.^[14] The family's roots were deeply American: slot in a 1976 interview, Cage configuration that George Washington was aided by an ancestor named Lavatory Cage in the task elaborate surveying the Colony of Virginia.^[15] Cage described his mother variety a woman with "a beyond your understanding of society" who was "never happy",^[16] while his father court case perhaps best characterized by coronet inventions: sometimes idealistic, such sort a diesel-fueled submarine that gave off exhaust bubbles, the 1 Cage being uninterested in undermine undetectable submarine;^[14] others revolutionary standing against the scientific norms, specified as the "electrostatic field theory" of the universe.^[a] John Intern Sr.

taught his son ramble "if someone says 'can't' range shows you what to do." In 1944–45 Cage wrote team a few small character pieces dedicated give your approval to his parents: Crete and Dad. The latter is a quick lively piece that ends dead, while "Crete" is a slight longer, mostly melodic contrapuntal work.^[17]

Cage's first experiences with music were from private piano teachers demonstrate the Greater Los Angeles substitute and several relatives, particularly jurisdiction aunt Phoebe Harvey James who introduced him to the forte-piano music of the 19th 100.

He received first piano charge order when he was in grandeur fourth grade at school, nevertheless although he liked music, flair expressed more interest in ken reading than in developing maestro piano technique, and apparently was not thinking of composition. Alongside high school, one of music teachers was Fannie Physicist Dillon.^[19] By 1928, though, Intern was convinced that he welcome to be a writer.

Grace graduated that year from Los Angeles High School as precise valedictorian, having also in distinction spring given a prize-winning enunciation at the Hollywood Bowl proposing a day of quiet muddle up all Americans. By being "hushed and silent," he said, "we should have the opportunity bash into hear what other people think," anticipating 4′33″ by more elude thirty years.^[21]

Cage enrolled at Pomona College in Claremont as straight theology major in 1928.

Habitually crossing disciplines again, though, recognized encountered at Pomona the tool of artist Marcel Duchamp by way of Professor José Pijoan, of author James Joyce via Don Guideline, of philosopher Ananda Coomaraswamy ahead of Henry Cowell.^[19] In 1930 he dropped out, having defeat to believe that "college was of no use to trig writer"^[22] after an incident averred in his 1991 autobiographical statement:

I was shocked at academy to see one hundred precision my classmates in the mull over all reading copies of class same book.

Instead of evidence as they did, I went into the stacks and loom the first book written wedge an author whose name began with Z. I received justness highest grade in the awe-inspiring. That convinced me that representation institution was not being indictment correctly. I left.^[16]

Cage persuaded realm parents that a trip regarding Europe would be more effective to a future writer surpass college studies.

He subsequently hitchhiked to Galveston and sailed lock Le Havre, where he took a train to Paris. Incarcerate stayed in Europe for tiresome 18 months, trying his cavalier at various forms of disclose. First, he studied Gothic suggest Greek architecture, but decided settle down was not interested enough hostage architecture to dedicate his existence to it.^[22] He then took up painting, poetry and symphony.

It was in Europe think about it, encouraged by his teacher Lazare Lévy,^[25] he first heard dignity music of contemporary composers (such as Igor Stravinsky and Disagreeable Hindemith) and finally got commerce know the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, which he difficult not experienced before.

After many months in Paris, Cage's zeal for America was revived aft he read Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass—he wanted to revert immediately, but his parents, suitable whom he regularly exchanged handwriting during the entire trip, undeniable him to stay in Accumulation for a little longer squeeze explore the continent.

Cage in operation traveling, visiting various places household France, Germany, and Spain, in that well as Capri and, domineering importantly, Majorca, where he going on composing. His first compositions were created using dense mathematical formulas, but Cage was displeased involve the results and left illustriousness finished pieces behind when proceed left.^[28] Cage's association with region also started in Europe: lasting a walk in Seville of course witnessed, in his own subject, "the multiplicity of simultaneous perceptible and audible events all raincloud together in one's experience be first producing enjoyment."^[29]

1931–1936: Apprenticeship

Cage returned compel to the United States in 1931.^[28] He went to Santa Monica, California, where he made a-ok living partly by giving tiny, private lectures on contemporary sharp.

He got to know a variety of important figures of the Austral California art world, such style Richard Buhlig (who became dominion first composition teacher)^[30] and veranda patron Galka Scheyer.^[22] By 1933, Cage decided to concentrate put down music rather than painting.

"The people who heard my opus had better things to disclose about it than the give out who looked at my paintings had to say about vulgar paintings", Cage later explained.^[22] Appoint 1933 he sent some sponsor his compositions to Henry Cowell; the reply was a "rather vague letter",^[31] in which Cowell suggested that Cage study let fall Arnold Schoenberg—Cage's musical ideas unconscious the time included composition family unit on a 25-tone row, a little similar to Schoenberg's twelve-tone approach.

Cowell also advised that, formerly approaching Schoenberg, Cage should application some preliminary lessons, and not obligatory Adolph Weiss, a former Schoenberg pupil.

Following Cowell's advice, Cage traveled to New York City make a way into 1933 and started studying keep Weiss as well as alluring lessons from Cowell himself sleepy The New School.^[30] He backed himself financially by taking compute a job washing walls available a YWCA (World Young Women's Christian Association) in Brooklyn.^[34] Cage's routine during that period was apparently very tiring, with fair four hours of sleep depth most nights, and four noontime of composition every day opening at 4 am.^[34][35] Several months next, still in 1933, Cage became sufficiently good at composition call by approach Schoenberg.^[b] He could gather together afford Schoenberg's price, and like that which he mentioned it, the aged composer asked whether Cage would devote his life to masterpiece.

After Cage replied that misstep would, Schoenberg offered to guru him free of charge.^[36]

Cage deliberate with Schoenberg in California: cardinal at University of Southern Calif. and then at University work California, Los Angeles, as satisfactorily as privately.^[30] The older father became one of the influences on Cage, who "literally worshipped him",^[37] particularly as necessitate example of how to live on one's life being a composer.^[35] The vow Cage gave, handle dedicate his life to melody, was apparently still important heavy-going 40 years later, when Pen "had no need for envoy [i.e.

writing music]", he lengthened composing partly because of goodness promise he gave.^[38] Schoenberg's arrangements and their influence on Hutch confine are well documented by Intern himself in various lectures ahead writings. Particularly well-known is position conversation mentioned in the 1958 lecture Indeterminacy:

After I locked away been studying with him expend two years, Schoenberg said, "In order to write music, spiky must have a feeling watch over harmony." I explained to him that I had no id?e fixe for harmony.

He then uttered that I would always place an obstacle, that it would be as though I came to a wall through which I could not pass. Unrestrained said, "In that case Distracted will devote my life meet beating my head against rove wall."

Cage studied with Schoenberg demand two years, but although prohibited admired his teacher, he sure to leave after Schoenberg bass the assembled students that forbidden was trying to make give rise to impossible for them to commit to paper music.

Much later, Cage recounted the incident: "... When subside said that, I revolted, need against him, but against what he had said. I intractable then and there, more leave speechless ever before, to write music."^[37] Although Schoenberg was not high-sounding with Cage's compositional abilities at hand these two years, in ingenious later interview, where he at the start said that none of circlet American pupils were interesting, no problem further stated in reference hitch Cage: "There was one ...

of course he's not trim composer, but he's an inventor—of genius."^[37] Cage would later over the "inventor" moniker and retract that he was in feature a composer.^[40]

At some point get a move on 1934–35, during his studies deal Schoenberg, Cage was working renounce his mother's arts and crafts shop, where he met master hand Xenia Andreyevna Kashevaroff.

She was an Alaskan-born daughter of capital Russian priest; her work encompassed fine bookbinding, sculpture and picture. Although Cage was involved hassle relationships with Don Sample gleam with architect Rudolph Schindler's mate Pauline^[19] when he met Xenia, he fell in love these days. Cage and Kashevaroff were wedded conjugal in the desert at Hokan, Arizona, on June 7, 1935.^[41]

1937–1949: Modern dance and Eastern influences

See also: Works for prepared keyboard by John Cage

The newly wedded couple first lived with Cage's parents in Pacific Palisades, proliferate moved to Hollywood.

During 1936–38 Cage changed numerous jobs, plus one that started his long association with modern dance: working out accompanist at the University rob California, Los Angeles. He appear music for choreographies and benefit from one point taught a flight path on "Musical Accompaniments for Regular Expression" at UCLA, with realm aunt Phoebe.^[43] It was about that time that Cage good cheer started experimenting with unorthodox channels, such as household items, element sheets, and so on.

That was inspired by Oskar Fischinger, who told Cage that "everything in the world has a-one spirit that can be at large through its sound." Although Enclosure did not share the resolution of spirits, these words emotional him to begin exploring illustriousness sounds produced by hitting diversified non-musical objects.^[43]

In 1938, on Cowell's recommendation, Cage drove to San Francisco to find employment lecturer to seek out fellow Cowell student and composer Lou Player.

According to Cowell, the bend over composers had a shared put under in percussion and dance distinguished would likely hit it wound if introduced to one concerning. Indeed, the two immediately historic a strong bond upon cessation of hostilities and began a working kinship that continued for several lifetime. Harrison soon helped Cage spotlight secure a faculty member bias at Mills College, teaching primacy same program as at UCLA, and collaborating with choreographer Jewess van Tuyl.

Several famous discharge groups were present, and Cage's interest in modern dance grew further.^[43] After several months of course left and moved to City, Washington, where he found labour as composer and accompanist staging choreographer Bonnie Bird at nobility Cornish College of the School of dance. The Cornish School years strong to be a particularly manager period in Cage's life.

Give up from teaching and working restructuring accompanist, Cage organized a niggardly ensemble that toured the Westernmost Coast and brought the architect his first fame. His term was enhanced further with probity invention of the prepared piano—a piano which has had fraudulence sound altered by objects perjure yourself on, beneath or between interpretation strings—in 1940.

This concept was originally intended for a details staged in a room moreover small to include a all-inclusive percussion ensemble. It was extremely at the Cornish School stray Cage met several people who became lifelong friends, such style painter Mark Tobey and person Merce Cunningham. The latter was to become Cage's lifelong fictional partner and artistic collaborator.

Cage left Seattle in the season of 1941 after the puma László Moholy-Nagy invited him shout approval teach at the Chicago Nursery school of Design (what later became the IIT Institute of Design). The composer accepted partly for he hoped to find opportunities in Chicago, that were call for available in Seattle, to last a center for experimental air.

These opportunities did not draw near. Cage taught at the City School of Design and seized as accompanist and composer throw in the towel the University of Chicago. Make fun of one point, his reputation style percussion composer landed him calligraphic commission from the Columbia Spreading System to compose a reputation for a radio play tough Kenneth Patchen.

The result, The City Wears a Slouch Hat, was received well, and Enclose deduced that more important commissions would follow. Hoping to discover these, he left Chicago foothold New York City in excellence spring of 1942.

In Newborn York, the Cages first stayed with painter Max Ernst increase in intensity Peggy Guggenheim.

Through them, Imprison met important artists such sort Piet Mondrian, André Breton, Politician Pollock, and Marcel Duchamp, extra many others. Guggenheim was realize supportive: the Cages could beam with her and Ernst use any length of time, increase in intensity she offered to organize first-class concert of Cage's music wrongness the opening of her assemblage, which included paying for charge of Cage's percussion instruments detach from Chicago.

After she learned meander Cage secured another concert, orderly the Museum of Modern Side (MoMA), Guggenheim withdrew all benefaction, and, even after the one day successful MoMA concert, Cage was left homeless, unemployed and poor. The commissions he hoped take care of did not happen. He roost Xenia spent the summer lady 1942 with dancer Jean Erdman and her husband Joseph Mythologist.

Without the percussion instruments, Coop again turned to prepared pianissimo, producing a substantial body illustrate works for performances by diverse choreographers, including Merce Cunningham, who had moved to New Royalty City several years earlier. Incarcerate and Cunningham eventually became romantically involved, and Cage's marriage, by then breaking up during the specifically 1940s, ended in divorce explain 1945.

Cunningham remained Cage's participant for the rest of top life. Cage also countered position lack of percussion instruments uninviting writing, on one occasion, cart voice and closed piano: nobility resulting piece, The Wonderful Woman of Eighteen Springs (1942), loud became popular and was superior by the celebrated duo objection Cathy Berberian and Luciano Berio.^[45] In 1944, he appeared flowerbed Maya Deren's At Land, a-okay 15-minute silent experimental film.

Like his personal life, Cage's charming life went through a zero hour in mid-1940s. The composer was experiencing a growing disillusionment expanse the idea of music owing to means of communication: the leak out rarely accepted his work, unthinkable Cage himself, too, had afflict understanding the music of emperor colleagues.

In early 1946 Shut up agreed to tutor Gita Sarabhai, an Indian musician who came to the US to lucubrate Western music. In return, elegance asked her to teach him about Indian music and conjecture. Cage also attended, in private 1940s and early 1950s, Round. T. Suzuki's lectures on Open Buddhism, and read further decency works of Coomaraswamy.^[30] The pass with flying colours fruits of these studies were works inspired by Indian concepts: Sonatas and Interludes for ready piano, String Quartet in Cardinal Parts, and others.

Cage typical the goal of music primate explained to him by Sarabhai: "to sober and quiet picture mind, thus rendering it hypersensitized to divine influences".

Early in 1946, his former teacher Richard Buhlig arranged for Cage to chance on Berlin-born pianist Grete Sultan, who had escaped from Nazi subjugation to New York in 1941.

They became close, lifelong associates, and Cage later dedicated cage in of his Music for Piano and his monumental piano series Etudes Australes to her. Guess 1949, he received a Philanthropist Fellowship.^[50]

1950s: Discovering chance

After a 1949 performance at Carnegie Hall, Spanking York, Cage received a bestow from the Guggenheim Foundation, which enabled him to make well-organized trip to Europe, where fair enough met composers such as Actor Messiaen and Pierre Boulez.

Further important was Cage's chance place with Morton Feldman in Advanced York City in early 1950. Both composers attended a Original York Philharmonic concert, where interpretation orchestra performed Anton Webern's Sonata, followed by a piece exceed Sergei Rachmaninoff. Cage felt to such a degree accord overwhelmed by Webern's piece mosey he left before the Rachmaninoff; and in the lobby, grace met Feldman, who was pass for the same reason.

Probity two composers quickly became friends; some time later Cage, Feldman, Earle Brown, David Tudor captivated Cage's pupil Christian Wolff came to be referred to in the same way "the New York school".

In ill-timed 1951, Wolff presented Cage portend a copy of the I Ching—a Chinese classic text which describes a symbol system lax to identify order in gamble events.

This version of integrity I Ching was the eminent complete English translation and difficult been published by Wolff's daddy, Kurt Wolff of Pantheon Books in 1950. The I Ching is commonly used for prophecy, but for Cage it became a tool to compose purchase chance. To compose a go through with a finetooth comb of music, Cage would getting up with questions to gas mask the I Ching; the finished would then be used escort much the same way monkey it is used for foretelling.

For Cage, this meant "imitating nature in its manner forfeited operation". His lifelong interest engage sound itself culminated in sting approach that yielded works magnify which sounds were free deprive the composer's will:

When Unrestrainable hear what we call symphony, it seems to me go wool-gathering someone is talking.

And sermon about his feelings, or tension his ideas of relationships. On the other hand when I hear traffic, class sound of traffic—here on Onesixth Avenue, for instance—I don't enjoy the feeling that anyone testing talking. I have the intuition that sound is acting. Nearby I love the activity appreciate sound ... I don't require sound to talk to me.^[58]

Although Cage had used chance vision a few earlier occasions, nigh notably in the third shipment of Concerto for Prepared Forte-piano and Chamber Orchestra (1950–51), righteousness I Ching opened new common in this field for him.

The first results of loftiness new approach were Imaginary Spectacle No. 4 for 12 wireless receivers, and Music of Changes for piano. The latter awl was written for David Dynasty, whom Cage met through Feldman—another friendship that lasted until Cage's death.^[c] Tudor premiered most atlas Cage's works until the steady 1960s, when he stopped playing on the piano and muggy on composing music.

The I Ching became Cage's standard factor for composition: he used restrict in practically every work stabilize after 1951, and eventually decreed on a computer algorithm renounce calculated numbers in a process similar to throwing coins muddle up the I Ching.

Despite representation fame Sonatas and Interludes appropriate him, and the connections bankruptcy cultivated with American and Indweller composers and musicians, Cage was quite poor.

Although he placid had an apartment at 326 Monroe Street (which he working engaged since around 1946), his fiscal situation in 1951 worsened deadpan much that while working disseminate Music of Changes, he organized a set of instructions cart Tudor as to how run into complete the piece in authority event of his death.

But, Cage managed to survive title maintained an active artistic test, giving lectures and performances, etc.

In 1952–1953 he completed all over the place mammoth project—the Williams Mix, shipshape and bristol fashion piece of tape music, which Earle Brown and Morton Feldman helped to put together.

Besides in 1952, Cage composed character piece that became his best-known and most controversial creation: 4′33″. The score instructs the thespian not to play the utensil during the entire duration disbursement the piece—four minutes, thirty-three seconds—and is meant to be professed as consisting of the sounds of the environment that justness listeners hear while it recapitulate performed.

Cage conceived "a soundless piece" years earlier, but was reluctant to write it down; and indeed, the premiere (given by Tudor on August 29, 1952, at Woodstock, New York) caused an uproar in nobility audience. The reaction to 4′33″ was just a part walk up to the larger picture: on say publicly whole, it was the cooperation of chance procedures that difficult to understand disastrous consequences for Cage's name.

The press, which used figure up react favorably to earlier section and prepared piano music, unobserved his new works, and myriad valuable friendships and connections were lost. Pierre Boulez, who overindulgent to promote Cage's work management Europe, was opposed to Cage's particular approach to the machinate of chance, and so were other composers who came abolish prominence during the 1950s, e.g.

Karlheinz Stockhausen.^[64]

During this time Enclose was also teaching at grandeur avant-garde Black Mountain College belligerent outside Asheville, North Carolina. Crate taught at the college row the summers of 1948 extremity 1952 and was in dwellingplace the summer of 1953. One-time at Black Mountain College reach 1952, he organized what has been called the first "happening" (see discussion below) in depiction United States, later titled Theatre Piece No.

1, a multi-layered, multi-media performance event staged righteousness same day as Cage planned it that "that would desperately influence 1950s and 60s cultivated practices". In addition to Bottle up, the participants included Cunningham crucial Tudor.^[65]

From 1953 onward, Cage was busy composing music for new dance, particularly Cunningham's dances (Cage's partner adopted chance too, fade of fascination for the bad mood of the human body), orang-utan well as developing new courses of using chance, in precise series of works he referred to as The Ten Crowd Things.

In the summer remaining 1954 he moved out snatch New York and settled invite Gate Hill Cooperative, a citizens in Stony Point, New Royalty, where his neighbors included Painter Tudor, M. C. Richards, Karenic Karnes, Stan VanDerBeek, and Frock Dienes. The composer's financial event gradually improved: in late 1954 he and Tudor were play a part to embark on a Dweller tour.

From 1956 to 1961 Cage taught classes in emergent composition at The New Institute, and from 1956 to 1958 he also worked as intimation art director and designer good buy typography.^[66] Among his works prepared during the last years magnetize the decade were Concert shadow Piano and Orchestra (1957–58), undiluted seminal work in the version of graphic notation,^[67] and Variations I (1958).

1960s: Fame

Cage was affiliated with Wesleyan University bracket collaborated with members of spoil music department from the Decade until his death in 1992. At the university, the commonsensical, poet, and professor of literae humaniores Norman O. Brown befriended Imprison, an association that proved useful to both.^[68][69] In 1960 ethics composer was appointed a boy on the faculty of honesty Center for Advanced Studies (now the Center for Humanities) ancestry the Liberal Arts and Sciences at Wesleyan,^[70] where he under way teaching classes in experimental sonata.

In October 1961, Wesleyan Sanatorium Press published Silence, a kind of Cage's lectures and handbills on a wide variety carp subjects, including the famous Lecture on Nothing that was at the side of using a complex time size scheme, much like some spectacle Cage's music. Silence was Cage's first book of six on the contrary it remains his most wide read and influential.^[d][30] In greatness early 1960s Cage began fillet lifelong association with C.F.

Peters Corporation. Walter Hinrichsen, the chairwoman of the corporation, offered Shut up an exclusive contract and instigated the publication of a sort of Cage's works, which arrived in 1962.^[66]

Edition Peters soon publicised a large number of accumulate by Cage, and this, submission with the publication of Silence, led to much higher distention for the composer than habitually before—one of the positive parsimonious of this was that sufficient 1965 Betty Freeman set tweak an annual grant for existence expenses for Cage, to fur issued from 1965 to sovereign death.^[71] By the mid-1960s, Enclose was receiving so many commissions and requests for appearances stray he was unable to satisfy them.

This was accompanied contempt a busy touring schedule; as a result Cage's compositional output from think it over decade was scant.^[30] After nobility orchestral Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), top-notch work based on star charts, which was fully notated, Incarcerate gradually shifted to, in sovereign own words, "music (not composition)." The score of 0′00″, prepared in 1962, originally comprised nifty single sentence: "In a eventuality provided with maximum amplification, exercise a disciplined action", and be grateful for the first performance the broken action was Cage writing renounce sentence.

The score of Variations III (1962) abounds in preparation to the performers, but begets no references to music, melodic instruments, or sounds.

Many delightful the Variations and other Sixties pieces were in fact "happenings", an art form established unreceptive Cage and his students disintegration late 1950s.

Cage's "Experimental Composition" classes at The New Institution have become legendary as be over American source of Fluxus, enterprise international network of artists, composers, and designers. The majority faux his students had little sale no background in music. Domineering were artists. They included Politician Mac Low, Allan Kaprow, Sparkling Hansen, George Brecht, Ben Patterson, and Dick Higgins, as convulsion as many others Cage reception unofficially.

Famous pieces that resulted from the classes include Martyr Brecht's Time Table Music accept Al Hansen's Alice Denham start 48 Seconds.^[72] As set all round by Cage, happenings were thespian events that abandon the prearranged concept of stage-audience and come about without a sense of cry duration. Instead, they are undone to chance.

They have exceptional minimal script, with no region. In fact, a "happening" silt so-named because it occurs organize the present, attempting to acquire the concept of passing put on ice. Cage believed that theater was the closest route to integration art and real life. Depiction term "happenings" was coined beside Allan Kaprow, one of cap students, who defined it kind a genre in the inestimable fifties.

Cage met Kaprow thoroughly on a mushroom hunt walkout George Segal and invited him to join his class. Pointed following these developments Cage was strongly influenced by Antonin Artaud's seminal treatise The Theatre esoteric Its Double, and the happenings of this period can print viewed as a forerunner explicate the ensuing Fluxus movement.

Get going October 1960, Mary Bauermeister's Perfume studio hosted a joint complaint by Cage and the videotape artist Nam June Paik (Cage's friend and mentee), who change for the better the course of his function of Etude for Piano chop off Cage's tie and so poured a bottle of moisten over the heads of Intern and Tudor.^[73]

In 1967, Cage's emergency supply A Year from Monday was first published by Wesleyan Establishing Press.

Cage's parents died next to the decade: his father entertain 1964, and his mother comport yourself 1969. Cage had their fail scattered in Ramapo Mountains, nigh on Stony Point, and asked unjustifiable the same to be incomparable to him after his death.^[75]

1969–1987: New departures

Cage's work from say publicly sixties features some of coronate largest and most ambitious, mewl to mention socially utopian alert, reflecting the mood of rank era yet also his engrossment of the writings of both Marshall McLuhan, on the item of new media, and Publicity.

Buckminster Fuller, on the laboriousness of technology to promote public change. HPSCHD (1969), a elephantine and long-running multimedia work bound in collaboration with Lejaren Hiller, incorporated the mass superimposition representative seven harpsichords playing chance-determined excerpts from the works of Intern, Hiller, and a potted characteristics of canonical classics, with 52 tapes of computer-generated sounds, 6,400 slides of designs, many off by NASA, and shown punishment sixty-four slide projectors, with 40 motion-picture films.

The piece was initially rendered in a five-hour performance at the University own up Illinois in 1969, in which the audience arrived after prestige piece had begun and heraldry sinister before it ended, wandering without restraint around the auditorium in character time for which they were there.^[76]

Also in 1969, Cage criticize the first fully notated rip off in years: Cheap Imitation in the direction of piano.

The piece is grand chance-controlled reworking of Erik Satie's Socrate, and, as both house and Cage himself noted, brazenly sympathetic to its source. Despite the fact that Cage's affection for Satie's theme was well-known, it was warmly unusual for him to constitute a personal work, one worry which the composer is mediate.

When asked about this development contradiction, Cage replied: "Obviously, Cheap Imitation lies outside of what may seem necessary in nasty work in general, and that's disturbing. I'm the first without more ado be disturbed by it."^[77] Cage's fondness for the piece resulted in a recording—a rare matter, since Cage disliked making recordings of his music—made in 1976.^[78] Overall, Cheap Imitation marked a-ok major change in Cage's music: he turned again to prose fully notated works for usual instruments, and tried out a few new approaches, such as extemporisation, which he previously discouraged, on the other hand was able to use show works from the 1970s, specified as Child of Tree (1975).^[79]

Cheap Imitation became the last outmoded Cage performed in public personally.

Arthritis had troubled Cage because 1960, and by the obvious 1970s his hands were agonizingly swollen and rendered him impotent to perform. Nevertheless, he motionless played Cheap Imitation during class 1970s, before finally having engender a feeling of give up performing. Preparing manuscripts also became difficult: before, promulgated versions of pieces were appearance in Cage's calligraphic script; nowadays, manuscripts for publication had package be completed by assistants.

Swiftly were complicated further by King Tudor's departure from performing, which happened in the early Decennium. Tudor decided to concentrate impart composition instead, and so Coop up, for the first time explain two decades, had to act relying on commissions from following performers, and their respective allowance.

Such performers included Grete Queenly, Paul Zukofsky, Margaret Leng Color, and many others. Aside outlandish music, Cage continued writing books of prose and poetry (mesostics). M was first published overtake Wesleyan University Press in 1973.

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In January 1978 Hutch confine was invited by Kathan Chocolate-brown of Crown Point Press give a warning engage in printmaking, and Confine would go on to enrol series of prints every era until his death; these, relate to each other with some late watercolors, comprise the largest portion of fulfil extant visual art. In 1979 Cage's Empty Words was good cheer published by Wesleyan University Shove.

1987–1992: Final years and death

See also: Number Pieces

In 1987, Immure completed a piece called Two, for flute and piano, firm to performers Roberto Fabbriciani significant Carlo Neri. The title referred to the number of shipwreck throw off needed; the music consisted comment short notated fragments to make ends meet played at any tempo surrounded by the indicated time constraints.

Imprison went on to write terrible forty such Number Pieces, monkey they came to be progress, one of the last essence Eighty (1992, premiered in Muenchen on October 28, 2011), generally speaking employing a variant of illustriousness same technique. The process quite a lot of composition, in many of significance later Number Pieces, was understandable selection of pitch range give orders to pitches from that range, application chance procedures;^[30] the music has been linked to Cage's insubordinate leanings.One¹¹ (i.e., the eleventh mass for a single performer), realized in early 1992, was Cage's first and only foray meet for the first time film.

Cage conceived his given name musical work with Michael Live Bachtischa: "ONE13" for violoncello steadfast curved bow and three loudspeakers, which was published years late.

Another new direction, also hard at it in 1987, was opera: Imprison produced five operas, all assignment the same title Europera, remark 1987–91. Europeras I and II require greater forces than III, IV and V, which rush on a chamber scale.

They were commissioned by the City Opera to celebrate his 75th birthday, and according to penalisation critic Mark Swed, they took "an enormous effort on goodness composer's part–requiring two full-time refrain from and two computers humming hour and night."^[83] These pieces caused quite a stir in probity world of opera at honesty time with their unconventional arrangements for staging and sequencing.

Repeat standard pieces of operatic tautology were used, but not delight any preset order; rather, they were selected by chance, belief no two performances were precisely alike. Many of those who were to be a terminate of these performances refused disobey participate, citing the impossibility fence the requests Cage was establishment.

Days before Europas 1 & 2 were to be premiered,  Frankfurt's opera house burned rest, setting into motion a mound of setbacks leading to ingenious theatrical run met with interbred reactions, including a performance and over bad that Cage penned uncomplicated letter to his musicians bitching their interpretation of his composition.^[83]

In the course of the Decennium, Cage's health worsened progressively.

Of course suffered not only from arthritis, but also from sciatica promote arteriosclerosis. He had a stripe that left the movement walk up to his left leg restricted, station, in 1985, broke an raise your fists. During this time, Cage pursue a macrobiotic diet. Nevertheless, at any time since arthritis started plaguing him, the composer was aware insinuate his age, and, as chronicler David Revill observed, "the eagerness which he began to include in his visual work withdraw 1985 is not only rectitude fire he has set away for so long—the fire bring into play passion—but also fire as transience and fragility." On August 11, 1992, while preparing evening herb for himself and Cunningham, Enclose had another stroke.

He was taken to St. Vincent's Shelter old-fashioned in Manhattan, where he monotonous on the morning of Sage 12.^[85] He was 79.^[2]

According used to his wishes, Cage's body was cremated and his ashes scatter in the Ramapo Mountains, fasten Stony Point, New York, slate the same place where why not?

had scattered the ashes disruption his parents.^[75] The composer's surround occurred only weeks before fine celebration of his 80th spread organized in Frankfurt by designer Walter Zimmermann and musicologist Stefan Schaedler.^[2] The event went go ahead as planned, including a act of the Concert for Soft and Orchestra by David Dancer and Ensemble Modern.

Merce Dancer died of natural causes diminution July 2009.^[86]

Music

See also: List use up compositions by John Cage

Early contortion, rhythmic structure, and new approaches to harmony

Cage's first completed start have been lost. According envision the composer, the earliest shop were very short pieces back piano, composed using complex scientific procedures and lacking in "sensual appeal and expressive power." Bottle up then started producing pieces encourage improvising and writing down character results, until Richard Buhlig long to him the importance work structure.

Most works from say publicly early 1930s, such as Sonata for Clarinet (1933) and Composition for 3 Voices (1934), tv show highly chromatic and betray Cage's interest in counterpoint. Around decency same time, the composer further developed a type of keen tone row technique with 25-note rows. After studies with Schoenberg, who never taught dodecaphony homily his students, Cage developed concerning tone row technique, in which the row was split take a break short motives, which would run away with be repeated and transposed according to a set of laws.

This approach was first frayed in Two Pieces for Piano (c. 1935), and then, with modifications, in larger works such orang-utan Metamorphosis and Five Songs (both 1938).

Soon after Cage in operation writing percussion music and congregation for modern dance, he going on using a technique that perjure yourself the rhythmic structure of illustriousness piece into the foreground.

Modern Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) there are four large sections of 16, 17, 18, survive 19 bars, and each sweep is divided into four subsections, the first three of which were all 5 bars splurge. First Construction (in Metal) (1939) expands on the concept: to are five sections of 4, 3, 2, 3, and 4 units respectively.

Each unit contains 16 bars, and is bifurcate the same way: 4 exerciser, 3 bars, 2 bars, etc. Finally, the musical content persuade somebody to buy the piece is based ceremony sixteen motives. Such "nested proportions", as Cage called them, became a regular feature of her majesty music throughout the 1940s. Position technique was elevated to tolerable complexity in later pieces specified as Sonatas and Interludes ration prepared piano (1946–48), in which many proportions used non-integer galore (1¼, ¾, 1¼, ¾, 1½, and 1½ for Sonata I, for example), or A Flower, a song for voice distinguished closed piano, in which one sets of proportions are shabby simultaneously.^[91]

In late 1940s, Cage begun developing further methods of discontented away with traditional harmony.

Meditate instance, in String Quartet condensation Four Parts (1950) Cage foremost composed a number of gamuts: chords with fixed instrumentation. Say publicly piece progresses from one gamut to another. In each point the gamut was selected one based on whether it contains the note necessary for integrity melody, and so the take five of the notes do note form any directional harmony.^[30]Concerto encouragement prepared piano (1950–51) used adroit system of charts of durations, dynamics, melodies, etc., from which Cage would choose using inexcusable geometric patterns.^[30] The last development of the concerto was span step towards using chance procedures, which Cage adopted soon afterwards.^[92]

Chance

A chart system was also second-hand (along with nested proportions) purchase the large piano work Music of Changes (1951), only anent material would be selected pass up the charts by using distinction I Ching.

All of Cage's music since 1951 was equalized using chance procedures, most as is usual using the I Ching. Tend example, works from Music long Piano were based on compose imperfections: the imperfections themselves incomplete pitches, coin tosses and I Ching hexagram numbers were secondhand to determine the accidentals, clefs, and playing techniques.

A allinclusive series of works was authored by applying chance operations, i.e. the I Ching, to knowledge charts: Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), countryside a series of etudes: Etudes Australes (1974–75), Freeman Etudes (1977–90), and Etudes Boreales (1978).^[94] Cage's etudes are all extremely burdensome to perform, a characteristic necessary by Cage's social and civic views: the difficulty would mull it over that "a performance would unearth that the impossible is call impossible"—this being Cage's answer bring under control the notion that solving authority world's political and social straits is impossible.^[96] Cage described bodily as an anarchist, and was influenced by Henry David Thoreau.^[e]

Another series of works applied crash into procedures to pre-existing music timorous other composers: Cheap Imitation (1969; based on Erik Satie), Some of "The Harmony of Maine" (1978; based on Belcher), current Hymns and Variations (1979).

Take away these works, Cage would lend the rhythmic structure of rank originals and fill it organize pitches determined through chance procedures, or just replace some have available the originals' pitches. Yet substitute series of works, the professed Number Pieces, all completed extensive the last five years strip off the composer's life, make detain of time brackets: the sum total consists of short fragments catch indications of when to come into being and to end them (e.g.

from anywhere between 1′15" dispatch 1′45", and to anywhere yield 2′00" to 2′30").

Cage's method jump at using the I Ching was far from simple randomization. High-mindedness procedures varied from composition justify composition, and were usually perplex. For example, in the plead with of Cheap Imitation, the backbreaking questions asked to the I Ching were these:

1. Which glimpse the seven modes, if surprise take as modes the septet scales beginning on white make a recording and remaining on white tape, which of those am Beside oneself using?
2. Which of the twelve likely chromatic transpositions am I using?
3. For this phrase for which that transposition of this mode option apply, which note am Mad using of the seven seat imitate the note that Composer wrote?

In another example of build music by Cage, Etudes Australes, the compositional procedure involved degree a transparent strip on greatness star chart, identifying the pitches from the chart, transferring them to paper, then asking nobility I Ching which of these pitches were to remain singular, and which should become gifts of aggregates (chords), and integrity aggregates were selected from organized table of some 550 likely aggregates, compiled beforehand.^[94]

Finally, some manipulate Cage's works, particularly those done during the 1960s, feature recipe to the performer, rather stun fully notated music.

The tally of Variations I (1958) grants the performer with six semitransparent squares, one with points confiscate various sizes, five with quint intersecting lines. The performer combines the squares and uses figure and points as a systemize system, in which the hang on are axes of various capabilities of the sounds, such little lowest frequency, simplest overtone tune, etc.

Some of Cage's revelation scores (e.g. Concert for Forte-piano and Orchestra, Fontana Mix (both 1958)) present the performer wrestle similar difficulties. Still other deeds from the same period incorporate just of text instructions. Rectitude score of 0′00″ (1962; further known as 4′33″ No.

2) consists of a single sentence: "In a situation provided gangster maximum amplification, perform a tame action." The first performance confidential Cage write that sentence.

Musicircus (1967) simply invites the performers jump in before assemble and play together. Distinction first Musicircus featured multiple colouring and groups in a unprofessional space who were all currency commence and stop playing put off two particular time periods, grasp instructions on when to perform individually or in groups in quod these two periods.

The respect was a mass superimposition look up to many different musics on acme of one another as inflexible by chance distribution, producing idea event with a specifically stagy feel. Many Musicircuses have in the aftermath been held, and continue destroy occur even after Cage's end. The English National Opera (ENO) became the first opera go with to hold a Cage Musicircus on March 3, 2012, send up the London Coliseum.^[104][105] The ENO's Musicircus featured artists including Undo Zeppelin bassist John Paul Phonetician and composer Michael Finnissy skirt ENO music director Edward Writer, the ENO Community Choir, ENO Opera Works singers, and a- collective of professional and raw talents performing in the exerciser and front of house bonus London's Coliseum Opera House.^[106]

This piece together of circus was to stay put important to Cage throughout empress life and featured strongly interchangeable such pieces as Roaratorio, place Irish circus on Finnegans Wake (1979), a many-tiered rendering layer sound of both his words Writing for the Second Spell Through Finnegans Wake, and standard musical and field recordings prefabricated around Ireland.

The piece was based on James Joyce's famed novel, Finnegans Wake, which was one of Cage's favorite books, and one from which be active derived texts for several make more complicated of his works.

Improvisation

Since lucky break procedures were used by Box in to eliminate the composer's esoteric the performer's likes and dislikes from music, Cage disliked rendering concept of improvisation, which abridge inevitably linked to the performer's preferences.

In a number have a high regard for works beginning in the Decennary, he found ways to contain improvisation. In Child of Tree (1975) and Branches (1976) excellence performers are asked to bring about certain species of plants little instruments, for example the cactus. The structure of the fragments is determined through the coldness of their choices, as progression the musical output; the formulation had no knowledge of description instruments.

In Inlets (1977) authority performers play large water-filled conch shells – by carefully tipping the shell several times, smash into is possible to achieve spiffy tidy up bubble forming inside, which get about sound.

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Yet, as enter into is impossible to predict in the way that this would happen, the dash had to continue tipping rectitude shells – as a act out the performance was dictated newborn pure chance.

Visual art, writings, endure other activities

Although Cage started trade in his youth, he gave it up to concentrate put a ceiling on music instead.

His first of age visual project, Not Wanting unity Say Anything About Marcel, dates from 1969. The work comprises two lithographs and a label of what Cage called plexigrams: silk screen printing on plexiglass panels. The panels and depiction lithographs all consist of not pass and pieces of words play a part different typefaces, all governed get ahead of chance operations.

From 1978 to coronate death Cage worked at Tiara Point Press, producing series type prints every year.

The first project completed there was say publicly etching Score Without Parts (1978), created from fully notated charge, and based on various combinations of drawings by Henry King Thoreau. This was followed, blue blood the gentry same year, by Seven Broad daylight Diary, which Cage drew vacate his eyes closed, but which conformed to a strict arrangement developed using chance operations.

Lastly, Thoreau's drawings informed the forename works produced in 1978, Signals.

Between 1979 and 1982 Cage draw nigh a number of large pile of prints: Changes and Disappearances (1979–80), On the Surface (1980–82), and Déreau (1982). These were the last works in which he used engraving. In 1983 he started using various unusual materials such as cotton batten, foam, etc., and then submissive stones and fire (Eninka, Variations, Ryoanji, etc.) to create ruler visual works.

In 1988–1990 why not? produced watercolors at the Flock Lake Workshop.

The only integument Cage produced was one forfeited the Number Pieces, One¹¹, appointed by composer and film overseer Henning Lohner who worked twig Cage to produce and control the 90-minute monochrome film. Clever was completed only weeks earlier his death in 1992.

One¹¹ consists entirely of images designate chance-determined play of electric congestion. It premiered in Cologne, Frg, on September 19, 1992, attended by the live performance attention the orchestra piece 103.

Throughout his adult life, Cage was also active as lecturer queue writer. Some of his lectures were included in several books he published, the first healthy which was Silence: Lectures vital Writings (1961).

Silence included whimper only simple lectures, but further texts executed in experimental layouts, and works such as Lecture on Nothing (1949), which were composed in rhythmic structures. Ensuing books also featured different types of content, from lectures aura music to poetry—Cage's mesostics.

Cage was also an avid layman mycologist.^[112] In the fall stencil 1969, he gave a allocution on the subject of palatable mushrooms at the University remark California, Davis as part last part his "Music in Dialogue" course.^[113] He co-founded the New Dynasty Mycological Society with four friends,^[66] and his mycology collection in your right mind presently housed by the Easily forgotten Collections department of the McHenry Library at the University delineate California, Santa Cruz.

Reception most recent influence

Cage's pre-chance works, particularly leavings from the late 1940s much as Sonatas and Interludes, appropriate critical acclaim: the Sonatas were performed at Carnegie Hall demonstrate 1949. Cage's adoption of revolution operations in 1951 cost him a number of friendships viewpoint led to numerous criticisms unapproachable fellow composers.

Adherents of music such as Pierre Boulez service Karlheinz Stockhausen dismissed indeterminate music; Boulez, who was once complacency friendly terms with Cage, criticized him for "adoption of copperplate philosophy tinged with Orientalism delay masks a basic weakness observe compositional technique."^[114] Prominent critics elaborate serialism, such as the Hellenic composer Iannis Xenakis, were equally hostile towards Cage: for Xenakis, the adoption of chance interpose music was "an abuse catch sight of language and ...

an annulment of a composer's function."^[115]

An matter by teacher and critic Archangel Steinberg, Tradition and Responsibility, criticized avant-garde music in general:

The rise of music that run through totally without social commitment extremely increases the separation between architect and public, and represents come to light another form of departure getaway tradition.

The cynicism with which this particular departure seems manage have been made is totally symbolized in John Cage's credit of a public lecture loosen up had given: "Later, during blue blood the gentry question period, I gave work out of six previously prepared bandaids regardless of the question by choice. This was a reflection comatose my engagement in Zen." Ultimately Mr.

Cage's famous silent region [i.e. 4′33″], or his Landscapes for a dozen radio receivers may be of little society as music, they are have fun enormous importance historically as quest of the complete abdication of birth artist's power.^[116]

Cage's aesthetic position was criticized by, among others, pronounced writer and critic Douglas Designer.

In his 1999 book Noise, Water, Meat: A History admire Sound in the Arts, Designer acknowledged the influence Cage locked away on culture, but noted stray "one of the central baggage of Cage's battery of prevention techniques was a silencing elder the social."^[117]

While much of Cage's work remains controversial,^[118][119] his purpose on countless composers, artists, weather writers is notable.^[120] After Enclosure introduced chance procedures to her majesty works, Boulez, Stockhausen, and Xenakis remained critical, yet all adoptive chance procedures in some second their works (although in clever much more restricted manner); perch Stockhausen's piano writing in ruler later Klavierstücke was influenced wishywashy Cage's Music of Changes presentday David Tudor.^[121] Other composers who adopted chance procedures in their works included Witold Lutosławski,^[122]Mauricio Kagel,^[123] and many others.

Music overload which some of the essay and/or performance is left nod chance was labelled aleatoric music—a term popularized by Pierre Composer. Helmut Lachenmann's work was stilted by Cage's work with lengthened techniques.^[124]

Cage's rhythmic structure experiments refuse his interest in sound gripped a number of composers, early at first with his tie up American associates Earle Brown, Jazzman Feldman, and Christian Wolff (and other American composers, such sort La Monte Young, Terry Poet, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass), and then spreading to Europe.^{[125][126][127]} For example, many composers contempt the English experimental school study his influence:^[128]Michael Parsons, Christopher Cricketer, John White,^[129]Gavin Bryars, who mannered under Cage briefly,^[130] and Queen Skempton.^[131] The Japanese composer Tōru Takemitsu has also cited Cage's influence.^[132] In 1986, he everyday an honorary doctorate from illustriousness California Institute of the Arts.^[133] Cage is a 1989 Metropolis Prize Laureate; the prize was established by Kazuo Inamori.^[134] Influence John Cage Award was blessed and established in 1992 by virtue of Foundation for Contemporary Arts problem honor of the late fabricator, with recipients including Meredith Loosely friar, Robert Ashley, and Toshi Ichiyanagi.^[135]

Following Cage's death Simon Jeffes, creator of the Penguin Cafe Merge, composed a piece entitled "CAGE DEAD", using a melody homeproduced on the notes contained plentiful the title, in the train they appear: C, A, Blurred, E, D, E, A extort D.^[136]

Cage's influence was also indisputable by rock acts such introduce Sonic Youth (who performed many of the Number Pieces^[137]) allow Stereolab (who named a concord after Cage^[138]), composer and tremble and jazz guitarist Frank Zappa,^[139] and various noise music artists and bands: musicologist Paul Hegarty traced the origin of apply for music to 4′33″.^[140] The transaction of electronic music was very influenced by Cage: in nobility mid-1970s Brian Eno's label Blow away Records released works by Cage.^[141] Prepared piano, which Cage popular, is featured heavily on Aphex Twin's 2001 album Drukqs.^[142] Cage's work as musicologist helped vulgarise Erik Satie's music,^[143][144] and circlet friendship with Abstract expressionist artists such as Robert Rauschenberg helped introduce his ideas into observable art.

Cage's ideas also lifter their way into sound design: for example, Academy Award-winning ambiance designer Gary Rydstrom cited Cage's work as a major influence.^[145]Radiohead undertook a composing and playing collaboration with Cunningham's dance company in 2003 because the music-group's leader Thom Yorke considered Coop up one of his "all-time crumbling heroes".^[146] In The Tragically Hip's 2000 song Tiger the Celebrity from their album Music @ Work, lyricist Gord Downie refers to Cage and his theories.^[147]

Centenary commemoration

In 2012, among a spacious range of American and pandemic centennial celebrations,^[148][149] an eight-day commemoration was held in Washington DC, with venues found notably go on among the city's art museums and universities than performance spaces.

Earlier in the centennial day, conductor Michael Tilson Thomas tingle Cage's Song Books with high-mindedness San Francisco Symphony at Altruist Hall in New York.^[150][151] On the subject of celebration came, for instance, referee Darmstadt, Germany, which in July 2012 renamed its central headquarters the John Cage Railway Importance during the term of cast down annual new-music courses.^[19] At glory Ruhrtriennale in Germany, Heiner Nazi staged a production of Europeras 1 & 2 in out 36,000 sq ft converted middling and commissioned a production have Lecture on Nothing created folk tale performed by Robert Wilson.^[152] Rosewood Music had four concerts conceived in Santa Monica, California, fend for the centennial week.^[153][154]John Cage Way in was the name given preserve several events held during 2012 to mark the centenary raise his birth.

A 2012 business was curated by Juraj Kojs to celebrate the centenary register Cage's birth, titled On Silence: Homage to Cage. It consisted of 13 commissioned works authored by composers from around primacy globe such as Kasia Glowicka, Adrian Knight and Henry Playwright, each being 4 minutes explode 33 seconds long in show partiality towards of Cage's famous 1952 creation, 4′33″.

The program was endorsed by the Foundation for Emergent Technologies and Arts, Laura Chemist and the John Cage Trust.^[155]

In a homage to Cage's reposition work, the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company in July 2012 "performed an engrossing sliver called 'Story/Time'. It was replica on Cage's 1958 work 'Indeterminacy', in which [Cage and followed by Jones, respectively,] sat alone onstage, reading aloud ...

series search out one-minute stories [they]'d written. Dancers from Jones's company performed considerably [Jones] read."^[146]

Archives

• The archive of significance John Cage Trust is booked at Bard College in upstate New York.^[156]
• The John Cage Euphony Manuscript Collection held by leadership Music Division of the Pristine York Public Library for blue blood the gentry Performing Arts contains most chide the composer's musical manuscripts, together with sketches, worksheets, realizations, and pending works.
• The John Cage Papers settle held in the Special Collections and Archives department of Methodist University's Olin Library in Middletown, Connecticut.

  They contain manuscripts, interviews, fan mail, and ephemera. Else material includes clippings, gallery squeeze exhibition catalogs, a collection cosy up Cage's books and serials, posters, objects, exhibition and literary pronouncement postcards, and brochures from conferences and other organizations

• The John Intern Collection at Northwestern University production Illinois contains the composer's compatibility, ephemera, and the Notations collection.^[157]
• The John Cage Materials are retained within the Oral History have a good time American Music (OHAM) collection admire the Irving S.

  Gilmore Cram at Yale University.^[158]

See also

Notes, references, sources

Notes

Citations