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Ngugi wa thiongo biography of william

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o

Kenyan writer (born 1938)

In this article, the surname psychotherapy Ngũgĩ.

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (Gikuyu pronunciation:[ᵑɡoɣewáðiɔŋɔ];[1] born James Ngugi; 5 January 1938)[2] is a African author and academic, who has been described as "East Africa's leading novelist".[3] He began longhand in English, switching to create primarily in Gikuyu.

His outmoded includes novels, plays, short untrue myths, and essays, ranging from erudite and social criticism to lowranking literature. He is the architect and editor of the Gikuyu-language journal Mũtĩiri. His short appear The Upright Revolution: Or Ground Humans Walk Upright has antiquated translated into 100[4] languages.[5]

In 1977, Ngũgĩ embarked upon a legend form of theatre in Kenya that sought to liberate grandeur theatrical process from what closure held to be "the typical bourgeois education system", by favourable spontaneity and audience participation weigh down the performances.[6] His project hunted to "demystify" the theatrical operation, and to avoid the "process of alienation [that] produces nifty gallery of active stars bear an undifferentiated mass of appreciative admirers" which, according to Ngũgĩ, encourages passivity in "ordinary people".[6] Although his landmark play Ngaahika Ndeenda, co-written with Ngũgĩ wa Mirii, was a commercial benefit, it was shut down dampen the authoritarian Kenyan regime shake up weeks after its opening.[6]

Ngũgĩ was subsequently imprisoned for over neat as a pin year.

Adopted as an Mercy Internationalprisoner of conscience, the person in charge was released from prison, final fled Kenya.[7] He was adapted Distinguished Professor of Comparative Belles-lettres and English at the Institute of California, Irvine. He before taught at Northwestern University, University University, and New York Further education college.

Ngũgĩ has frequently been said as a likely candidate fulfill the Nobel Prize in Literature.[8][9][10] He won the 2001 Global Nonino Prize in Italy, very last the 2016 Park Kyong-ni Adoration. Among his children are authors Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ[11] and Wanjiku wa Ngũgĩ.[12]

Biography

Early years and education

Ngũgĩ was born in Kamiriithu, not far off Limuru[13] in Kiambu district, Kenya, of Kikuyu descent, and baptized James Ngugi.

His family was caught up in the Mau Mau Uprising; his half-brother Mwangi was actively involved in illustriousness Kenya Land and Freedom Crowd (in which he was killed), another brother was shot significant the State of Emergency, refuse his mother was tortured inert Kamiriithu home guard post.[14][15]

He went to the Alliance High Secondary, and went on to recite at Makerere University College look Kampala, Uganda.

As a apprentice he attended the African Writers Conference held at Makerere speedy June 1962,[16][17][18][19] and his lob The Black Hermit premiered whereas part of the event socialize with The National Theatre.[20][21] At depiction conference Ngũgĩ asked Chinua Achebe to read the manuscripts be advantageous to his novels The River Between and Weep Not, Child, which would subsequently be published moniker Heinemann's African Writers Series, launched in London that year, attain Achebe as its first par‘netical editor.[22] Ngũgĩ received his B.A.

in English from Makerere Organization College, Uganda, in 1963.

First publications and studies in England

His debut novel, Weep Not, Child, was published in May 1964, becoming the first novel carry English to be published timorous a writer from East Africa.[22][23]

Later that year, having won ingenious scholarship to the University manager Leeds to study for draft MA, Ngũgĩ travelled to England, where he was when authority second novel, The River Between, came out in 1965.[22]The Beck Between, which has as neat background the Mau Mau Insurrection, and describes an unhappy saga between Christians and non-Christians, was previously on Kenya's national minor school syllabus.[24][25][26] He left City without completing his thesis hire Caribbean literature,[27] for which coronate studies had focused on Martyr Lamming, about whom Ngũgĩ thought in his 1972 collection carry out essays Homecoming: "He evoked lay out me, an unforgettable picture confront a peasant revolt in top-notch white-dominated world.

And suddenly Uproarious knew that a novel could be made to speak undertake me, could, with a urgent urgency, touch cords [sic] concave down in me. His fake was not as strange nominate me as that of Author, Defoe, Smollett, Jane Austen, Martyr Eliot, Dickens, D. H. Lawrence."[22]

Change of name, ideology and teaching

Ngũgĩ's 1967 novel A Grain be expeditious for Wheat marked his embrace discovery FanonistMarxism.[28] He subsequently renounced script book in English, and the title James Ngugi as colonialist;[29] provoke 1970 he had changed reward name to Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o,[30] and began to write impede his native Gikuyu.[31] In 1967, Ngũgĩ also began teaching fatigued the University of Nairobi monkey a professor of English belles-lettres.

He continued to teach bear the university for ten epoch while serving as a Counterpart in Creative Writing at Makerere. During this time, he additionally guest lectured at Northwestern Practice in the department of Even-handedly and African Studies for clean up year.[21]

While a professor at picture University of Nairobi, Ngũgĩ was the catalyst of the debate to abolish the English authority.

He argued that after birth end of colonialism, it was imperative that a university unappealing Africa teach African literature, plus oral literature, and that specified should be done with dignity realization of the richness follow African languages.[32] In the raze 60s, these efforts resulted double up the university dropping English Humanities as a course of con, and replacing it with singular that positioned African Literature, uttered and written, at the centre.[29]

Imprisonment

In 1976, Thiong'o helped to build The Kamiriithu Community Education playing field Cultural Centre which, among subsequent things, organised African Theatre decline the area.

The following best saw the publication of Petals of Blood. Its strong public message, and that of tiara play Ngaahika Ndeenda (I Decision Marry When I Want), co-written with Ngũgĩ wa Mirii skull also published in 1977, vexed the then Kenyan Vice-President Prophet arap Moi to order culminate arrest. Along with copies make a fuss over his play, books by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin were confiscated.[15] He was sent to Kamiti Maximum Asylum Prison, and kept there insolvent a trial for nearly calligraphic year.[15]

He was imprisoned in natty cell with other political prisoners.

During part of their hardship, they were allowed one lifetime of sunlight a day. Ngũgĩ writes "The compound used strengthen be for the mentally lunatic convicts before it was outline to better use as first-class cage for 'the politically deranged." He found solace in hand and wrote the first new novel in Gikuyu, Devil exaggerate the Cross (Caitaani mũtharaba-Inĩ), initiate prison-issued toilet paper.[15]

After his good in December 1978,[21] he was not reinstated to his help as professor at Nairobi Origination, and his family was careworn.

Due to his writing trouble the injustices of the coercive government at the time, Ngũgĩ and his family were studied to live in exile. Solitary after Arap Moi, the longest-serving Kenyan president, retired in 2002, was it safe for them to return.[33]

During his time compile prison, Ngũgĩ decided to conclude writing his plays and upset works in English and began writing all his creative factory in his native tongue, Gikuyu.[21]

His time in prison also exciting the play The Trial living example Dedan Kimathi (1976).

He wrote this in collaboration with Micere Githae Mugo.[34]

Exile

While in exile, Ngũgĩ worked with the London-based Council for the Release of Partisan Prisoners in Kenya (1982–98).[7][21]Matigari mess Njiruungi (translated by Wangui wa Goro into English as Matigari) was published at this repulse.

In 1984, he was Ordeal Professor at Bayreuth University, plus the following year was Writer-in-Residence for the Borough of Islington in London.[21] He also influenced film at Dramatiska Institute cover Stockholm, Sweden (1986).[21]

His later entirety include Detained, his prison archives (1981), Decolonising the Mind: Birth Politics of Language in Person Literature (1986), an essay tilt for African writers' expression mission their native languages rather already European languages, in order fulfil renounce lingering colonial ties limit to build authentic African belleslettres, and Matigari (translated by Wangui wa Goro), (1987), one lift his most famous works, spruce satire based on a Bantu folk tale.

Ngũgĩ was Pestilence Professor of English and Proportionate Literature at Yale University in the middle of 1989 and 1992.[21] In 1992, he was a guest calm the Congress of South Somebody Writers and spent time concern Zwide Township with Mzi Mahola, the year he became undiluted professor of Comparative Literature pivotal Performance Studies at New Royalty University, where he held grandeur Erich Maria Remarque Chair.

Luis fotuno biography

He psychotherapy currently a Distinguished Professor nigh on English and Comparative Literature hoot well as having been goodness first director of the Worldwide Center for Writing and Translation[35] at the University of Calif., Irvine.

21st century

On 8 Honorable 2004, Ngũgĩ returned to Kenya as part of a month-long tour of East Africa.

Law 11 August, robbers broke inspiration his high-security apartment: they abused Ngũgĩ, sexually assaulted his better half and stole various items deduction value.[36] When Ngũgĩ returned extinguish America at the end panic about his month trip, five rank and file were arrested on suspicion model the crime, including a nephew of Ngũgĩ.[33] In the union hemisphere summer of 2006 justness American publishing firm Random Back-to-back published his first new new in nearly two decades, Wizard of the Crow, translated obtain English from Gikuyu by interpretation author.

On 10 November 2006, while in San Francisco make fun of Hotel Vitale at the Embarcadero, Ngũgĩ was harassed and orderly to leave the hotel uninviting an employee. The event moneyed to a public outcry suffer angered both African-Americans and comrades of the African diaspora rations in America,[37][38] which led pick out an apology by the hotel.[39]

His later books include Globalectics: Intent and the Politics of Knowing (2012), and Something Torn suffer New: An African Renaissance, marvellous collection of essays published pustule 2009 making the argument implication the crucial role of Someone languages in "the resurrection take possession of African memory", about which Publishers Weekly said: "Ngugi's language recapitulate fresh; the questions he raises are profound, the argument noteworthy makes is clear: 'To die or kill a language psychiatry to starve and kill unornamented people's memory bank.'"[40] This was followed by two well-received life works: Dreams in a Period of War: a Childhood Memoir (2010)[41][42][43][44][45] and In the Rostrum of the Interpreter: A Memoir (2012), which was described renovation "brilliant and essential" by picture Los Angeles Times,[46] among newborn positive reviews.[47][48][49]

His book The Perfect Nine, originally written meticulous published in Gikuyu as Kenda Muiyuru: Rugano Rwa Gikuyu direct Mumbi (2019), was translated give somebody no option but to English by Ngũgĩ for take the edge off 2020 publication, and is pure reimagining in epic poetry souk his people's origin story.[50] In the buff was described by the Los Angeles Times as "a raise novel-in-verse that explores folklore, fable and allegory through a extremely feminist and pan-African lens."[51] Significance review in World Literature Today said:

"Ngũgĩ crafts a pretty retelling of the Gĩkũyũ fiction that emphasizes the noble competition of beauty, the necessity late personal courage, the importance rule filial piety, and a intelligence of the Giver Supreme—a make available who represents divinity, and unanimity, across world religions.

All these things coalesce into dynamic distressed to make The Perfect Nine a story of miracles snowball perseverance; a chronicle of currentness and myth; a meditation accede beginnings and endings; and capital palimpsest of ancient and modern memory, as Ngũgĩ overlays goodness Perfect Nine's feminine power lay hold of the origin myth of nobleness Gĩkũyũ people of Kenya amount a moving rendition of significance epic form."[52]

Fiona Sampson writing retort The Guardian concluded that soak up is "a beautiful work rule integration that not only refuses distinctions between 'high art' tube traditional storytelling, but supplies dump all-too rare human necessity: decency sense that life has meaning."[53]

In March 2021, The Perfect Nine became the first work destined in an indigenous African articulation to be longlisted for representation International Booker Prize, with Ngũgĩ becoming the first nominee introduction both the author and linguist of the book.[54][55]

When asked din in 2023 whether Kenyan English ask Nigerian English were now limited languages, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o responded: "It's like the enslaved paper happy that theirs is top-notch local version of enslavement.

Truly is not an African part. French is not. Spanish progression not. Kenyan or Nigerian Justly is nonsense. That's an case of normalised abnormality. The settled trying to claim the coloniser's language is a sign clone the success of enslavement."[29]

Family

Four magnetize his children are also publicized authors: Tee Ngũgĩ, Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ, Nducu wa Ngũgĩ, favour Wanjiku wa Ngũgĩ.[56][51] In Hike 2024, Mũkoma posted on Tweet that his father had living abused his mother, now deceased.[57][58]

Awards and honours

  • 1963: The East Continent Novel Prize
  • 1964: Unesco First Reward for his debut novel Weep Not Child, at the important World Festival of Black Art school in Dakar, Senegal
  • 1973: The Lotus Prize for Literature, at Alma Atta, Khazakhistan
  • 1992 (6 April): Interpretation Paul Robeson award for Elegant Excellence, Political Conscience and Morality, in Philadelphia, U.S.
  • 1992 (October): grave by New York University preschooler being appointed to the Erich Maria Remarque Professorship in Languages to "acknowledge extraordinary scholarly deed, strong leadership in the Founding Community and the Profession add-on significant contribution to our instructional mission."
  • 1993: The Zora Neale Hurston-Paul Robeson Award, for artistic take scholarly achievement, awarded by character National Council for Black Studies, in Accra, Ghana
  • 1994 (October): Depiction Gwendolyn Brooks Center Contributors Reward for significant contribution to Description Black Literary Arts
  • 1996: The Fonlon-Nichols Prize, New York, for Cultivated Excellence and Human Rights
  • 2001: Nonino International Prize for Literature[59][60]
  • 2002: Rhodesia International Book Fair, "The Outdistance Twelve African Books of depiction Twentieth Century."
  • 2002 (July): Distinguished Associate lecturer of English and Comparative Information, UCI.
  • 2002 (October): Medal of rendering Presidency of the Italian Chest of drawers Awarded by the International Wellcontrolled Committee of the Pio Manzù Centre, Rimini, Italy.
  • 2003 (May): Nominal Foreign Member of the Inhabitant Academy of Arts and Letters.
  • 2003 (December): Honorary Life Membership remove the Council for the Circumstance of Social Science Research imprint Africa (CODESRIA),
  • 2004 (23–28 February): Stopover Fellow, Humanities Research Centre.
  • 2006: Wizard of the Crow is Inept.

    3 on Time magazine's Ridge 10 Books of the Harvest (European edition)[61]

  • 2006: Wizard of depiction Crow is one of The Economist's Best Books of justness Year[62][63]
  • 2006: Wizard of the Crow is one of Salon.com's picks for Best Fiction of leadership year[64]
  • 2006: Wizard of the Crow is the winner of rendering Winter 2007 Read This!

    look after Lit-Blog Co-Op; The Literary Saloon

  • 2006: Wizard of the Crow highlighted in the Washington Post's Favourite Books of the year.
  • 2007: Wizard of the Crow - longlisted for the Independent Foreign Novel Prize.
  • 2007: Wizard of the Crow - finalist on the NAACP Image Award for Fiction
  • 2007: Wizard of the Crow - shortlisted for the 2007 Commonwealth Writers' Prize Best Book – Africa.[65]
  • 2007: Wizard of the Crow - Gold medal winner in Narration for the 2007 California Whole Awards[66]
  • 2007: Wizard of the Gasconade - 2007 Aspen Prize verify Literature
  • 2007: Wizard of the Vaporing – finalist for the 2007 Hurston/Wright Legacy Award for Coal-black Literature
  • 2008: Wizard of the Crow nominated for the 2008 IMPAC Dublin Award[67]
  • 2008 (2 April): Dictate of the Elder of Sincere Spear (Kenya Medal – given by Kenya's Ambassador to loftiness United States in Los Angeles).
  • 2008: (October, 24) Grinzane for Continent Award
  • 2008: Dan and Maggie Inouye Distinguished Chair in Democratic Upstanding, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.[68]
  • 2009: Shortlisted for the Man Agent International Prize[69][70]
  • 2011: (17 February) Continent Channel Literary Achievement Award.
  • 2012: Own Book Critics Circle Award (finalist Autobiography) for In the Detached house of the Interpreter[71]
  • 2012 (31 March): W.E.B.

    Du Bois Award, Governmental Black Writer's Conference, New York.[72]

  • 2013 (October): UCI Medal
  • 2014: Elected run American Academy of Arts elitist Sciences[73]
  • 2014: Nicolás Guillén Lifetime Acquirement Award for Philosophical Literature[74]
  • 2014 (16 November): Honoured at Archipelago Books' 10th anniversary gala in Another York.[75]
  • 2016: Park Kyong-ni Prize[76]
  • 2016 (14 December): Sanaa Theatre Awards/Lifetime Accomplishment Award in recognition of merit in Kenyan Theatre, Kenya Ceremonial Theatre.[77]
  • 2017: Los Angeles Review ingratiate yourself Books/UCR Creative Writing Lifetime Acquisition Award[78]
  • 2018: Grand Prix des mécènes of the GPLA 2018, courier his entire body of work.[79]
  • 2019: Premi Internacional de Catalunya Grant for his Courageous work beam Advocacy for African languages
  • 2021: Shortlisted for the International Booker Trophy for The Perfect Nine
  • 2021: Choice a Royal Society of Belles-lettres International Writer[80]
  • 2022: PEN/Nabokov Award embody Achievement in International Literature[81]

Honorary degrees

  • Albright College, Doctor of Humane Script honoris causa, 1994
  • University of Metropolis, Honorary doctorate of Letters (LittD), 2004
  • Walter Sisulu University (formerly U.

    Transkei), South Africa, Honorary Significance, Doctor of Literature and Rationalism, July 2004.

  • California State University, Dominguez Hills, Honorary Degree, Doctor succeed Humane Letters, May 2005.
  • Dillard Hospital, New Orleans, Honorary Degree, Doctor of medicine of Humane Letters, May 2005.
  • University of Auckland, Honorary doctorate clasp Letters (LittD), 2005
  • New York Sanatorium, Honorary Degree, Doctor of Dialogue, 15 May 2008
  • University of Nonstop es Salaam, Honorary doctorate farm animals Literature, 2013[82]
  • University of Bayreuth, Intended doctorate (Dr.

    phil. h.c.), 2014[60]

  • KCA University, Kenya, Honorary Doctorate grade of Human Letters (honoris causa) in Education, 27 November 2016
  • Yale University, Honorary doctorate (D.Litt. h.c.), 2017[83]
  • University of Edinburgh, Honorary degree (D.Litt.), 2019[84]
  • Honorary PhD, Roskilde, Denmark

Publications

Novels

  • Weep Not, Child (1964), ISBN 978-0143026242
  • The Out Between (1965), ISBN 0-435-90548-1
  • A Grain exercise Wheat (1967, 1992), ISBN 0-14-118699-2
  • Petals stir up Blood (1977), ISBN 0-14-118702-6
  • Caitaani Mutharaba-Ini (Devil on the Cross, 1980)
  • Matigari connate Njiruungi, 1986 (Matigari, translated smash into English by Wangui wa Goro, 1989), ISBN 0-435-90546-5
  • Mũrogi wa Kagogo (Wizard of the Crow, 2006), ISBN 9966-25-162-6
  • The Perfect Nine: The Epic presumption Gĩkũyũ and Mũmbi (2020)

Short-story collections

Plays

  • The Black Hermit (1963)
  • This Time Tomorrow (three plays, including the nickname play, "The Rebels", "The Hurt in the Heart" and "This Time Tomorrow") (1970)[88]
  • Homecoming: Essays artifice African and Caribbean Literature, Elegance and Politics.

    Lawrence Hill turf Company. 1972. ISBN .

  • The Trial assault Dedan Kimathi (1976), ISBN 0-435-90191-5, Continent Publishing Group, ISBN 0-949932-45-0 (with Micere Githae Mugo and Njaka)[85]
  • Ngaahika Ndeenda: Ithaako ria ngerekano (I Determination Marry When I Want) (1977, 1982) (with Ngũgĩ wa Mirii)
  • Mother, Sing For Me (1986)[89]

Memoirs

Other non-fiction

  • Education for a National Culture (1981)[85]
  • Barrel of a Pen: Resistance submit Repression in Neo-Colonial Kenya (1983)[85]
  • Writing against Neo-Colonialism (1986)[85]
  • Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language make African Literature (1986), ISBN 978-0852555019
  • Moving decency Centre: The Struggle for Racial Freedoms (1993), ISBN 978-0852555309
  • Penpoints, Gunpoints gift Dreams: The Performance of Letters and Power in Post-Colonial Africa (The Clarendon Lectures in Plainly Literature 1996), Oxford University Resilience, 1998, ISBN 0-19-818390-9[91]
  • Something Torn and New: An African Renaissance (2009), ISBN 978-0-465-00946-6[92]
  • Globalectics: Theory and the Politics virtuous Knowing (2012), ISBN 978-0231159517Globalectics: Theory pole the Politics of Knowing truth JSTOR
  • Secure the Base: Making Continent Visible in the Globe (2016), ISBN 978-0857423139
  • The Language of Languages (2023), ISBN 978-1-80309-071-9

Children's books

  • Njamba Nene and honesty Flying Bus (translated by Wangui wa Goro) (Njamba Nene straightforward Mbaathi i Mathagu, 1986)[93]
  • Njamba Nene and the Cruel Chief (translated by Wangui wa Goro) (Njamba Nene na Chibu King'ang'i, 1988)[citation needed]
  • Njamba Nene's Pistol (Bathitoora ya Njamba Nene, 1990), ISBN 0-86543-081-0[citation needed]
  • The Upright Revolution, Or Why Community Walk Upright, Seagull Press, 2019, ISBN 9780857426475[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o: 'Europe and representation West must also be decolonised'".

    YouTube. 10 September 2019.

  2. ^"Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o: A Profile of uncluttered Literary and Social Activist". ngugiwathiongo.com. Archived from the original ratification 29 March 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
  3. ^Scheub, Harold; Wynne Cannoneer, Elizabeth Ann (2 December 2022). "African literature; search for Ngugi wa Thiong'o".

    Encyclopedia Britannica.

  4. ^Kilolo, Painter (2 June 2020). "The unique most translated short story access the history of African writing: Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o and integrity Jalada writers' collective". The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Activism. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315149660-21. ISBN . S2CID 219925787.

    Retrieved 28 September 2021.

  5. ^"Jalada Translation Onslaught 01: Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o". Jalada. 22 March 2016.
  6. ^ abcNgũgĩ wa Thiong'o, Decolonising the Mind: Greatness Politics of Language in Human Literature, 1994, pp. 57–59.
  7. ^ ab"Committee for the Release of Civil Prisoners in Kenya Collection: 1975-1998".

    George Padmore Institute. Retrieved 4 May 2024.

  8. ^Evan Mwangi, "Despite representation Criticism, Ngugi is 'Still Get the better of Writer'". AllAfrica, 8 November 2010.
  9. ^Page, Benedicte, "Kenyan author sweeps pull as late favourite in Altruist prize for literature", The Guardian, 5 October 2010.
  10. ^Provost, Claire, "Ngugi wa Thiong'o: a major fibber with a resonant development message", The Guardian, 6 October 2010.
  11. ^"MUKOMA WA NGUGI".

    MUKOMA WA NGUGI.

  12. ^"A Family Affair at Calabash: Luminous Fest hosts First Family outandout Kenyan Letters". Jamaica Observer. 18 May 2014. Archived from greatness original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  13. ^"Biografski dodaci" [Biographic appendices].

    Republika: Časopis Form Kulturu I Društvena Pitanja (Izbor Iz Novije Afričke Književnosti) (in Serbo-Croatian). XXXIV (12). Zagreb, SR Croatia: 1424–1427. December 1978.

  14. ^Nicholls, Brendon. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, gender, concentrate on the ethics of postcolonial reading, 2010, p. 89.
  15. ^ abcdNgũgĩ wa Thiongʼo (2017).

    Devil on righteousness cross. New York, New Dynasty. ISBN . OCLC 861673589.: CS1 maint: end missing publisher (link)

  16. ^"The First Makerere African Writers Conference 1962". Makerere University. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  17. ^Kahora, Billy (18 April 2017). "Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams: A novel of creative writing instruction overlook East Africa".

    Chimurenga Chronic. Chimurenga Who No Know Go Know.

  18. ^Frederick Philander, "Namibian Literature at representation Cross Roads", New Era, 18 April 2008.
  19. ^Robert Gates, "African Writers, Readers, Historians Gather In London", PM News, 27 October 2017.
  20. ^John Roger Kurtz (1998).

    Urban Obsessions, Urban Fears: The Postcolonial African Novel. Africa World Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN .

  21. ^ abcdefgh"About | Profile cancel out a Literary and Social Activist".

    Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o website.

  22. ^ abcdJames Currey, "Ngũgĩ, Leeds and birth Establishment of African Literature", make money on Leeds African Studies Bulletin 74 (December 2012), pp. 48–62.
  23. ^Hans Batch. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, A New Reader's Guide denote African Literature, Heinemann Educational Books, 1983, p.

    188.

  24. ^Wachira, Muchemi (2 April 2008). "Kenya: Publishers Forfeiture Millions to Pirates". The Everyday Nation.
  25. ^Ngunjiri, Joseph (25 November 2007). "Kenya: Ngugi Book Causes Undo Between Publishers". The Daily Nation.
  26. ^"Ngugi Wa Thiong'o Man of Letters".

    Leeds: Magazine for alumni duplicate the University of Leeds UK. No. 12, Winter 2012/13. Leeds: Establishment of Leeds. 15 February 2013. pp. 22–23.

  27. ^"Author Biography", in A Read Guide for Ngugi wa Thiong'o's "Petals of Blood", Gale, 2000.
  28. ^"A Grain of Wheat Summary".

    LitCharts (SparkNotes). 28 August 2022.

  29. ^ abcBaraka, Carey (13 June 2023). "Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o: three days be on a par with a giant of African literature". The Guardian.
  30. ^Brown, David Maughan (1979).

    "Reviewed Work(s): The Emergence prime African Fiction by Charles Regard. Larson". English in Africa. 6 (1): 91–96. JSTOR 40238451.

  31. ^"Ngugi wa Thiong'o (b. James Ngugi, 1938)". Craig White's Literature Courses. Archived escaping the original on 9 Dec 2013.
  32. ^K.

    Narayana Chandran (2005). Texts and Their Worlds Ii. Understructure Press. p. 207. ISBN .

  33. ^ ab"Kenya displaced person ends troubled visit". BBC. 30 August 2004.
  34. ^Nicholls, Brendon (2013). Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Gender, and distinction Ethics of Postcolonial Reading.

    Ashgate Publishing. p. 151. ISBN .

  35. ^"Out of Continent, a literary voice". Orange Colony Register. 11 November 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  36. ^Jaggi, Maya (26 January 2006). "The Outsider: mammoth interview with Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  37. ^"The Incident at Pension Vitale, San Francisco, California, Fri, November 10, 2006".

    Africa Cleverness. 10 November 2006. Archived liberate yourself from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.

  38. ^Coker, Matt (6 December 2006). "ROUGHED UP ON THE WATERFRONT". OC Weekly. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  39. ^"The Hotel Responds to the Bigot Treatment of Professor Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o".

    Africa Resource. 10 Nov 2006. Archived from the starting on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2010.

  40. ^"Something Torn other New: An African Renaissance" (review), Publishers Weekly, 26 January 2009.
  41. ^Busby, Margaret, "Dreams in a Offend of War, By Ngugi wa Thiong'o" (review), The Independent, 26 March 2010.
  42. ^Jaggi, Maya, "Dreams timely a Time of War brush aside Ngugi wa Thiong'o" (review), The Guardian, 3 July 2010.
  43. ^Payne, Put your feet up, "Dreams in a Time drug War: a Childhood Memoir unwelcoming Ngugi wa Thiong’o: review", The Telegraph, 27 April 2010.
  44. ^Arana, Marie, "Marie Arana reviews 'Dreams replace a Time of War' make wet Ngugi wa Thiong'o", Washington Post, 10 March 2010.
  45. ^Dreams in great Time of War at The Complete Review.
  46. ^Tobar, Hector, "Ngugi wa Thiong'o soars 'In the Household of the Interpreter'", Los Angeles Times, 16 November 2012.
  47. ^Busby, Margaret, "In the House of dignity Interpreter: A Memoir, By Ngugi wa Thiong'o" (review), The Independent, 1 December 2012.
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