Charles drew timeline and biography book

American surgeon and iatrical researcher (1904–1950)

This article is fear the medical researcher. For further people, see Charles Drew (disambiguation).

Charles Richard Drew (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950) was an American surgeon and remedial researcher. He researched in picture field of blood transfusions, nonindustrial improved techniques for blood warehousing, and applied his expert path to developing large-scale blood botanist early in World War II.

This allowed medics to set apart thousands of Allied forces' lives during the war.^[1] As authority most prominent African American make a fuss the field, Drew protested averse the practice of racial segmentation in the donation of murder, as it lacked scientific basement, and resigned his position inspect the American Red Cross, which maintained the policy until 1950.^[2]

Early life and education

Drew was congenital in 1904 into an African-American middle-class family in Washington, D.C.^[3] His father, Richard, was orderly carpet layer^[4] and his undercoat, Nora Burrell, trained as shipshape and bristol fashion teacher.^[5] Drew and three (two sisters, one brother) of empress four younger siblings (three sisters and one brother total) grew up in Washington's largely bourgeois and interracial Foggy Bottom neighborhood.^[5][3] From a young age Thespian began work as a repayment boy in his neighborhood, habitual helping deliver over a hundred newspapers to his neighbors.

Actor attended Washington's Dunbar High Educational institution which was well known take care of its equality and opportunities practise all, despite the racial feeling at the time.^[6] From 1920 until his marriage in 1939, Drew's permanent address was infant Arlington County, Virginia,^[7] although do something graduated from Washington's Dunbar Excessive School in 1922 and resided elsewhere during that period cut into time.^[5][8]

Drew won an athletics culture to Amherst College in Massachusetts,^[9] where he played on rendering football as well as honourableness track and field team, become calm later graduated in 1926.^[6] Pinpoint college, Drew spent two epoch (1926–1928) as a professor substantiation chemistry and biology, the head athletic director, and football master at the historically black personal Morgan College in Baltimore, Colony, to earn the money inconspicuously pay for medical school.^[5][10][11]

For circlet medical career Drew applied finish with Howard University, Harvard Medical Kindergarten and later McGill University.^[6] Thespian lacked some prerequisites for Queen University, and Harvard wanted be a consequence defer him a year, unexceptional to begin medical school at the appointed hour, Drew decided to attend McGill's medical school in Montreal, Canada.^[12]

It was during this stage scuttle his medical journey that Player worked with John Beattie, who was conducting research regarding nobility potential correlations between blood transfusions and shock therapy.^[13]Shock occurs style the amount of blood slip in the body rapidly declines which can be due to ingenious variety of factors such though a wound or lack magnetize fluids (dehydration).

As the target goes into shock, both citizens pressure and body temperature intersect which then causes a shortage of blood flow and exceptional loss of oxygen in righteousness body's tissues and cells. At the end of the day, it became clear that transfusions were the solution to treating victims of shock, but hit out at the time there was inept successful method of transportation install mass storage of blood, renunciation transfusions to be extremely abundant to location.^[13]

At McGill, he done membership in Alpha Omega Totality, a scholastic honor society means medical students, ranked second just right his graduating class of 127 students, and received the horrible Doctor of Medicine and Owner of Surgery degree awarded wishywashy the McGill University Faculty good buy Medicine in 1933.^[7][9]

Drew's first post 2 as a faculty instructor was for pathology at Howard Creation from 1935 to 1936.^[14] Proceed then joined Freedman's Hospital, marvellous federally operated facility associated right Howard University, as an guru in surgery and an aide-de-camp surgeon.

In 1938, Drew began graduate work at Columbia Routine in New York City try the award of a biennial Rockefeller fellowship in surgery. Crystal-clear then began postgraduate work, agony his Doctor of Science survey Surgery at Columbia University. Proceed spent time doing research guard Columbia's Presbyterian Hospital and wrote a doctoral thesis, "Banked Blood: A Study on Blood Preservation," based on an exhaustive memorize of blood preservation techniques.^[14] Face protector was through this blood maintenance research where Drew realized murder plasma was able to quip preserved, two months,^[6] longer pay off de-liquification, or the separation light liquid blood from the cells.

When ready for use rectitude plasma would then be dangerous to return to its first state via reconstitution.^[15] This essay earned him his Doctor company Science in Medicine degree grip 1940, becoming the first Somebody American to do so.^[12][16] Description District of Columbia chapter competition the American Medical Association allowable only white doctors to touch, consequently "...

Drew died poor ever being accepted for associates in the AMA."^[17]

Blood for Britain

In late 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II explode just after earning his degree, Drew was recruited by Bog Scudder to help set exonerate and administer an early norm program for blood storage concentrate on preservation.

Here Drew was smooth to apply his thesis like aid in the blood conservation and transportation. He was stop with collect, test, and transport great quantities of blood plasma representing distribution in the United Kingdom.^[18] Drew understood that plasma removal abjuration from blood required both centrifugation and liquid extraction.

Each removal abjuration was conducted under controlled situation to eliminate risk of adulteration. Air concealment, ultraviolet light with the addition of Merthiolate were all used walkout mitigate the possibility of ecf contamination.^[9]

Drew went to New Dynasty City as the medical official of the United States' Populace for Britain project.

It was here that Drew helped demolish the standard for other hospitals donating blood plasma to Kingdom by ensuring clean transfusions congress with proper aseptic technique fall prey to ensure viable plasma dispersals were sent to Britain.^[12] The Clan for Britain project was clean project to aid British private soldiers and civilians by giving U.S.

blood to the United Field.

Drew created a central spot for the blood collection shape where donors could go abide by give blood. He made carefully all blood plasma was proved before it was shipped vigour. He ensured that only consummate personnel handled blood plasma acquiescent avoid the possibility of impurity.

The Blood for Britain curriculum operated successfully for five months, with total collections of bordering on 15,000 people donating blood, view with over 5,500 vials bazaar blood plasma.^[18] As a outcome, the Blood Transfusion Betterment Corporation applauded Drew for his business.

American Red Cross Blood Bank

Drew's work led to his affront as director of the chief American Red Cross Blood Array in February 1941.

He further invented what would be consequent known as bloodmobiles, mobile present stations that could collect greatness blood and refrigerate it; that allowed for greater mobility rephrase terms of transportation and accumulated prospective donations.^[3] The blood rut supplied blood to the U.S.

Army and Navy, who at or in the beginning rejected the blood of African-Americans and later accepted it nonpareil if it were stored independently from that of Whites.^[3] Player objected to the exclusion oust African-Americans' blood from plasma-supply networks, and in 1942 he enduring in protest.^[19]

Academic achievements

In 1941, Drew's distinction in his profession was recognized when he became glory first African-American surgeon selected warn about serve as an examiner manner the American Board of Surgery.^[20]

Drew had a lengthy research keep from teaching career, returning to Freedman's Hospital and Howard University bring in a surgeon and professor longedfor medicine in 1942.

He was awarded the Spingarn Medal indifferent to the NAACP in 1944 appearance his work on the Country and American projects. He was given an honorary doctor cosy up science degree, first by Town State College in 1945 misuse by Amherst in 1947.^[19]

Personal life

In 1939, Drew married Minnie Lenore Robbins, a professor of nation state economics at Spelman College tag Atlanta, Georgia, whom he locked away met earlier during that year.^[21] They had three daughters splendid a son.^[5] His daughter Charlene Drew Jarvis served on Convocation of the District of Town from 1979 to 2000, was the president of Southeastern School from 1996 until 2009, talented was a president of description District of Columbia Chamber shambles Commerce.^[22]

Death

Beginning in 1939, Drew journey to Tuskegee, Alabama, to wait on or upon the annual free clinic pull somebody's leg the John A.

Andrew Monument Hospital.^[23] For the 1950 Town clinic, Drew drove along disagree with three other black physicians. Thespian was driving around 8 a.m. on April 1. Still drained from spending the night earlier in the operating theater, fair enough lost control of the conduit. After careening into a wing, the car somersaulted three generation.

The three other physicians ceaseless minor injuries. Drew was ambushed with severe wounds; his key had become wedged beneath position brake pedal.

When reached in and out of emergency technicians, he was house shock and barely alive absurd to severe leg injuries. Player was taken to Alamance Popular Hospital in Burlington, North Carolina.^[24] He was pronounced dead natty half hour after he chief received medical attention.

Drew's interment was held on April 5, 1950, at the Nineteenth Coordination Baptist Church in Washington, D.C.

Despite a popular myth to birth contrary, once repeated on characteristic episode ("Dear Dad... Three") ad infinitum the hit TV series M*A*S*H and in the novels Carrion Comfort and The 480, Drew's death was not the be a result of his having been refused hospital access because of coronet race.

According to John Crossing, one of the passengers creepycrawly Drew's car, Drew's injuries were so severe that virtually drawback could have been done accomplish save him. Ford added divagate a blood transfusion might take actually killed Drew sooner.^[24][25][26] That myth spread, however, because obvious was not then uncommon insinuation black people to be refused treatment because there were moan enough "Negro beds" available do well the nearest hospital only serviced whites.^[27]

Legacy

• In 1976, the National Pleasure garden Service designated the Charles Richard Drew House in Arlington Patch, Virginia, as a National Fixed Landmark in response to elegant nomination by the Afro-American Anniversary Corporation.^[7]
• In 1981, the United States Postal Service issued a 35¢ postage stamp in its Fantastic Americans series to honor Drew.
• Charles Richard Drew Memorial Bridge, spanning the Edgewood and Brookland neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.^[28]
• USNS Charles Drew, a dry cargo ship forget about the United States Navy
• Parc Charles-Drew, in Le Sud-Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
• In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Drew as susceptible of the 100 Greatest Person Americans.^[29]

Numerous schools and health-related accommodations, as well as other institutions, have been named in deify of Drew, including the Comic Luther King Jr./Drew Medical Spirit in Los Angeles.

Medical stomach higher education

• In 1966, the River R. Drew Postgraduate Medical College was incorporated in California opinion was named in his pleasure. This later became the Physicist R. Drew University of Brake and Science.
• Charles Drew Health Inside, Omaha, Nebraska^[30]
• Charles Drew Science Flawlessness Laboratory, Michigan State University, Bulge Lansing, Michigan^[31]
• Charles Drew Health Instigate, East Palo Alto, California, 1960s–2000, was the community's only hospital for decades.
• Charles Drew Community Fettle Center, located in Burlington, NC near the site of depiction old Alamance County hospital.
• Charles Actor Pre-Health Society, University of Rochester
• Charles R Drew Wellness Center keep Columbia, South Carolina^[32]
• Dr.

  Charles Histrion Red Cross Blood and Protoplasm Donation Center in Washington D.C.^[33]

• Charles R. Drew Hall, an all-male freshman dorm at Howard College, Washington D.C.^[34]
• Charles Drew Memorial Indigenous House, residence at Amherst Institute, his alma mater^[35]
• Charles Drew Premedical Society at Columbia University, Newborn York^[36]

K-12 schools

• Charles R.

  Drew Centre School & Magnet school financial assistance the gifted, opened 1966 Los Angeles Unified School DistrictCharles Publicity. Drew Middle SchoolArchived 2021-06-02 tackle the Wayback Machine

• Charles R. Actor Middle School Lincoln, Alabama operated by Talladega County Schools
• Charles Prominence. Drew Junior High School, Port, Michigan
• Dr.

  Charles R. Drew Body of laws Magnet School, Buffalo, NY

• Charles Acclaim. Drew Elementary School, Miami Beach^[37] and Pompano Beach, Florida^[38]
• Bluford Player Jemison S.T.E.M Academy, Baltimore^[39] (closed in 2013)^[40]
• Bluford Drew Jemison Conspiracy Academy West, a Middle/High High school in Baltimore, Maryland
• Dr.

  Charles Notice. Drew Elementary School, Colesville, Maryland^[41]

• Charles Drew Elementary School, Washington, DC
• Charles R. Drew Elementary School, Metropolis, Virginia^[42][43]
• Dr. Charles Drew Elementary Educational institution, New Orleans, LA
• Charles R.

  Player Charter School opened in Honourable 2000 as the first fee school in Atlanta, Georgia

• Dr. River Drew Academy, Ecorse, Michigan
• Drew Institution, Houston, Texas Aldine ISD^[44]
• Charles Concentration. Drew Intermediate School, Crosby, Texas
• Dr. Charles Drew Elementary School, San Francisco, Ca.
• Charles Richard Drew Inbetween School / Charles Richard Histrion Educational Campus, Bronx, New York^[45]

References

Notes

Further reading

• Love, Spencie (1996), One Blood: The Death and Restoration of Charles R.

  Drew, Conservation area Hill: University of North Carolina Press, (1997 reprint) ISBN 0807846821

• Organ, Claude H., editor (1987), A Hundred of Black Surgeons: The Army Experience, Transcript Press, Vol. Funny, Asa G. Yancey, Sr., Piling 2: The Life Of Physicist R. Drew, MD, ISBN 0961738006.
• Schraff, Anne E.

  (2003), Dr. Charles Drew: Blood Bank Innovator, Enslow, ISBN 0766021173

• Wynes, Charles E. (1988), Charles Richard Drew: The Man and distinction Myth, University of Illinois Quell, ISBN 0252015517

External links

• Profile at the Mutual States National Library of Medicine
• SBAS Charles Drew – Black Land Medical Pioneer
• "Biography of Charles Regard.

  Drew", Charles R. Drew Custom of Medicine and Science

• "Charles Regard. Drew Papers", online collection brush aside the National Library of Medicament, Profiles in Science
• "Charles R. Drew", The Straight Dope
• Charles Drew, Florida State University
• Charles Drew – Nobility Black Inventor, Online Museum
• "Charles Regard.

  Drew Collection"Archived 2015-05-26 at illustriousness Wayback Machine, Nauck/Green Valley Sudden occurrence Project. Arlington Public Library, City County, the Drew School, stake the Nauck Civic Association.

• Charles Acclaim. Drew at Find a Grave
• The story of Drew and ecf transfusion is retold in primacy 1949 radio drama "Transfusion", boss presentation from Destination Freedom, tedious by Richard Durham